www.galerie-gs.de
John Carter: Cross, 1998, Acryl/Marmorpuder/Holz, 114 x 114 cm

John Carter

ARBEITEN
TEXTE

1942 born Middlesex, England
1958-59 Twickenham School of Art
1959-63 Kingston School of Art
1963-64 Leverhulme Travelling Scholarship in Italy
1964 British School at Rome
1966-67 Peter Stuyvesant Foundation
Travel Bursary to USA
1966 worked as assistant to the sculptor Bryan Kneale
1977 + 79 Arts Council Award
1981 Prize-winner Tolly Cobbold
3rd National Exhibition
2007 Elected Member oft the Royal Academy of Arts, London
lives and works in London
Einzelausstellungen (Auswahl)
1968 Redfern Gallery, London
1971 Redfern Gallery, London
1974 Redfern Gallery, London
1977 Redfern Gallery, London
1978 Studio Exhibiton, London
1980 Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London (cat.)
1983 Retrospective Exhibition 1965-1983 "Paintings, Structures and Drawings"
Warwick Arts Trust, London (cat.)
Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London
1987 Moris Gallery, Tokyo
Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London
1989 Moris Gallery, Tokyo (cat.)
Gallery Yamaguchi, Osaka (cat.)
Sumi Gallery, Okayama (cat.)
1990 Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London (cat.)
Edition & Galerie Hoffmann, Friedberg (cat.)
Carré Estampes (with Luc Thiburs), Luxembourg
1991 Galerie Wack, Kaiserslautern
Knoedler Gallery, London
1994 Museum Moderner Kunst Landkreis Cuxhaven, Otterndorf
1995 Belloc Lowndes Fine Art, Chicago
Gudrun Spielvogel Galerie & Editon, Munich
Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts Visuels de la Cambre, Brussels
1996 Francis Graham-Dixon Gallery, London
Galerie Lattemann, Mühltal-Trautheim, Darmstadt
1998 Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken
1999 Gudrun Spielvogel Galerie & Edition, Munich
2000 Studio Exhibition, London
2001 Galerie Emilia Suciu (with Ursula Diebel), Ettlingen
Werkstatt-Galerie Gundis & Heinz Friege, Remscheid
Galerie Its-Art-Ist, Waterloo, Belgium
2002 Galerie Wack, Kaiserslautern
Slade Gallery, University College, London
Espace Fanal, Basel
2003 Galerie Lattemann, Mühltal-Trautheim, Darmstadt>
Benoot Gallery Knokke-Zoute
2003/2004 "Multiple Grafik und Objekte", Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken
2004 "Wandobjekte, Arbeiten auf Papier", Galerie artmark, Spital am Phyrn
The Blue Gallery, London
2005 Galerie Konstruktiv Tendens, Stockholm, Schweden
2006 Galerie + Edition Konkret Martin Wörn, Sulzburg/Breisgau
Benoot Gallery (with Horst Linn), Knokke-Zoute, Belgium
2007 "Wall Objects", De Vierde Dimendie Galerie, Plasmolen/Nijmegen
Galerie Wack, Kaiserslautern
2008 Spielvogel Galerie & Editon, München
Galerie Stephen Hoffmann, Deutschland
Konstruktiv Tendens, Stockholm
2009 Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken
2010 espase fanal, Edition FANAL, Bale CH
RSVP, The Redfern Gallery, London, Retrospective
2011 Wall Sculptures", Galerie Grewenig / Nissen, Heildelberg-Handschuhsheim
"Two and a Half Dimensions", De Vierde Dimendie Galerie, Plasmolen/ Nijmegen
"Between Dimensions", Galerie La Ligne, Zürich
2012 Galerie Wack, Kaiserslautern
2013 John Carter RA: Between Dimensions, Royal Academy of Arts, London
"Surface Defined" - Neue Wandobjekte, Gudrun Spielvogel Galerie & Edition, München
Surface & Structure, Redfern Gallery, London
Gruppenausstellungen (Auswahl)
1966 "New Generation 1966", Whitechapel Art Gallery, London and subsequent tour
Summer Exhibition, Redfern Gallery, London
1967 Summer Exhibition, Redfern Gallery, London
1968 "Leicestershire Collection: Part II", Whitechapel Art Gallery, London
"New Generation: 1968", Whitechapel Art Gallery, London
Summer Exhibition, Redfern Gallery, London
1969 "New British Painting and Sculpture", U.C.L.A. Galleries, Los Angeles a. s. tour
Summer Exhibition, Redfern Gallery, London
1970 Summer Exhibition, Redfern Gallery, London
1971 "Seven Redfern Artists", Redfern Gallery, London
Summer Exhibition, Redfern Gallery, London
1972 "Group Exhibition", Jacob´s Ladder Gallery, Washington DC
"Group Exhibition", Vivian Lowenstein Studio Gallery, London
Summer Exhibition, Redfern Gallery, London
1973 "First British International Drawing Biennale", Teesside Museum & Art Gallery
Summer Exhibition, Redfern Gallery, London
1974 "British Painting ´74", Hayward Gallery, London
Summer Exhibition, Redfern Gallery, London
1975 "Cleveland International Drawing Biennale", Middlesbrough Art Gallery and subsequent tour
Summer Exhibition, Redfern Gallery, London
1976 Exhibition of Contemporary Art organised by William Packer for Industrial Sponsors, Finance for Industry Building, London
Summer Exhibition, Redfern Gallery, London
1977 "Small Work", Newcastle-upon-Tyne Polytechnic Art Gallery
Summer Exhibition, Redfern Gallery, London
1978 "6th International Exhibition of Original Drawings", Moderna Galeriji, Rijeka, Yugoslavia
Summer Exhibition, Redfern Gallery, London
1979 "The British Art Show", Mappin Art Gallery, Sheffield, touring to Arnolfini, Bristol, Royal West of England Academy, Bristol City Museum & Art Gallery, Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Hatton Gallery, University of Newcastle
"Drawings by British Artists", British Council Touring Exhibition
"Tolly Cobbold, Eastern Arts 2nd National Exhibition", Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
"Contemporary Works on Paper", Gainsborough´s House, Sudbury, Suffolk
"Small Works", Newcastle-upon-Tyne Polytechnic Art Gallery
Summer Exhibition, Redfern Gallery, London
1980 "The British Concil collection, Serpentine Gallery, London
"John Moores Liverpool Exhibition 12", Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool
"Works on Paper and Sculpture", Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London
1981 "British Art 1940-1980, The Arts Council Collection", Hayward Gallery, London
"Tolly Cobbold, Eastern Arts 3rd National Exhibition", Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
"Works on Paper", Mandeer Gallery, London
Summer Exhibition, Redfern Gallery, London
1982 "John Carter, Jon Groom, Keith Reeves", Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London
"Small Works", Newcastle-upon-Tyne Polytechnic Art Gallery
1983 Summer Exhibition, Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London
"Opening Show 2", Studio-Odd, Hiroshima
1984 "The British Art Show, Old Allegiances and New Directions 1979-84", City of Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery, Royal Scottish Academy, Edinburgh, Mappin Art Gallery, Sheffield, Southampton Art Gallery
"New Works on Paper", British Council Touring Exhibition to: Poland, Australia, New Zealand, Turkey, East Germany & Romania
"Contemporary British Art", Warwick Arts Trust, London
"Gallery Artists", Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London
Summer Exhibition, Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London
1985 "Contemporary Art Society Exhibition", Sutton Place, Surrey
"Exhibition 2. Drawing", Exhibiting Space, London
"Gallery Artists", Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London
1986 "Works on Paper" - Abstraction", Anne Berthoud Gallery, London
"Carter, Durrant, Whishaw, Wragg", University of Surrey
"Die Ecke", Edition and Gallery Hoffmann, Friedberg
"Von Zwei Quadraten", Wilhelm Hack Museum, Ludwigshafen
"Contemporary Art Society Exhibition", Christie´s, London
"Group Show", Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London
1987 "1000 Cubic Centimetres", Gallery Desluis, Leidschendam
"Seven Artists", University Art Gallery, Reading
"Winter Exhibition", Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London
"Artists Daybook Exhibition", Smiths Galleries, London
"Gallery Artists", Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London
1988 "Die Ecke", Musee Cantonal des Beaux Arts, Sion
"Die Ecke", Ingolstadt Stadttheater, Ingolstadt
"Group Show", Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London
"Null-Dimension", Galery "New Space", Fulda
"Britannica: 30 Ans de Sculpture",Musée André Malraux, Le Havre
"The Presence of Painting, Aspects of British Abstraction 1957-88", Mappin Art Gallery, Sheffield, Hatton Gallery, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Ikon Gallery, Birmingham
"Gallery Artists", Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London
1989 "Britse Sculptuur 1960-1988", Museum van Hedendaagse Kunst, Antwerp
"Britannica. Trente Ans de Sculpture", Centre d'Art Contemporain, Toulouse
"The Day Book Pictures", Usher Gallery, Lincoln, Victoria Art Gallery, Bath
"Null-Dimension I", Kunst International, Hipp-Halle, Gmunden
"Arte constructivo y Sistematico", Centro Cultural de la Ville, Madrid
"Aestas II" Carré Estampes, Luxembourg
"The Spuikom Models", Gallery Belamy 19, Vlissingen
"Cleveland UK International Drawing Biennale", Cleveland Gallery, Middlesborough
"Lieux et Situations", Carré Estampes, Luxembourg
"Ten Years at Nicola Jacobs Gallery", Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London
1990 "Null Dimension II", Muzeum Architekture, Wroclaw
"1000 cubic cm Geometrische Miniaturen", Wilhelm-Hack-Museum, Ludwigshafen
"Between Dimensions", Curwen Gallery, London
"Premiére Biennale Européene de l´Estampe Contemporaine", Galerie d´Art Municipal du Château Wirtgen, Luxembourg
"John Carter, Masaji Kashio, Tamotsu Shiihara, Makio Yamaguchi",Gallery Yamaguchi Warehouse, Osaka
"John Carter, Luc Thiburs", Carré Estampes, Luxembourg
"Aestas III", Carré Estampes, Luxembourg
"Group Show", Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London
"1000 cubic cm Geometrische Miniaturen, Galerie De Sluis, Amsterdam
"Tendenz Konstruktiv, Zehn Bildhauer aus Sieben Europäischen Ländern", Bildhauergalerie Messer-Ladwig, Berlin
"Print of the Month (October)", Flowers East, London
"Konkrete Multiples II", Galerie L´Idée, Zoetermeer
"Universal Progression", Manege, Moscow
"Homage to the Square II", Flaxman Gallery, London
1991 "Winter Exhibition", Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London
"Group Show", Nicola Jacobs Gallery, London
"Piccolo Formato", Arte Struktura, Milan
"Group Exhibition", Knoedler Gallery, London
"Aestas IV", Carré Estampes, Luxembourg
"10th Cleveland International Drawing Biennale", Middlesbrough
"Geometrisk Abstraktion X", Konstruktiv Tendens, Stockholm
1992 "Group Exhibition", Knoedler Gallery, London
"Ytans Djup", Konstruktiv Tendens, Stockholm
"10th Cleveland International Drawing Biennale", Turnpike Gallery, Leigh, South London Art Gallery
"Aestas V", Carré Estampes, Luxembourg
"Piccolo Formato 20 x 20", Galleria Lidjia Jametti, Bachenbulack & Associazione Culturale Rondottanta
"A Double Exhibition", University Gallery, Reading
"Editionen", Galerie Hoffmann, Friedberg
"Konkrete Kunst International", I.D.A.C. Foundation, Zoetermeer
"Geometrisk Abstraktion XI", Konstruktiv Tendens, Stockholm
"Imprints and Ka! Editions", Galerie Lydie Rekow, Crest
"Semaine des Estampes", Artothèque, Valence
1993 "Aspects Actuels de la Mouvance Constuite Internaitonale", Musée des Beaux Arts, Verviers
"Aestas VI", Carré Estampes, Luxembourg
"Multum in Parvo", Wingfield Arts, Eye, Suffolk
"Skulptur und Architektur: Ein Diskurs", T.H. Lichtwiese, Darmstadt
10th Contemporary Art Society Market", Smith´s Galleries, London
1994 "Aspecten van de Hedendaagse Constructieve Beweging", Koninklijk Museum, Antwerp
"Forum Konkrete Kunst Erfurt", Museum der Künstler, Erfurt
"Projekt 30 x 30 Konkrete Kunst International, Wilhelm Hack Museum, Ludwigshafen
"Celebration", Coode-Adams Associates, Benjamin Rhodes Gallery, London
"Blicke ins Archiv", Nassauischer Kunstverein, Wiesbaden
"Aestas VII", Carré Estampes, Luxembourg
"Estampes Contemporaines", Présence de l'Art Contemporain, Angers
"Singer & Friedlander/Sunday Times Watercolour Competition", Mall Galleries, London, Bristol, Museum & Art Gallery
"Interferences", Musée des Beaux-Arts, Mons
"Blick über den Ärmelkanal", Pfalzgalerie, Kaiserslautern
"99 Idee per l´Arte - l´Arte Construisce l´Europa", Museo delle Collezioni, Bucharest
"Aspects de la Mouvance Construite en Europe", Gallerie Its-Arts-Ist, La Hulpe
"Konkrete Kunst International", De Vrije Academie, Den Haag
1995 "Kleine Bilder Zeichnungen Objekte Plasiken Accrochage", Gesellschaft für Kunst und Gestaltung, Bonn
Museum't Coopmanshus, Franeker
"Triangulum", Carré Estampes, Luxembourg
"Collecting the Contemporary", University of Essex, Colchester
"Quadrum", Carré Estampes, Luxembourg
"Autour du Papier", Abbaye de Bouchemaine, Angers
"Rückblick-Ausblick", Galerie Lattemann, Darmstadt
"Ka! Editions", Eagle Gallery, London
"Absolut Secret", Royal College of Art, London
1996 "Construttivismo, Concretismo, Cinevisualismo Internazionale", Sala del Carrobbio, Omegna
"Jubiläum", Gudrun Spielvogel Galerie & Edition, Munich
"Blick über den Ärmelkanal", Kunstmuseum Thun, Switzerland
"Petit Format de Papier", Musée du Petit Format, Couvain
"British Abstract Art, Part 3, "Works on Paper", Flowers East, London
"Gruppen Ausstellung", Galerie Wack, Kaiserslautern
"Open Door", Magyar Képzömüvészeti Föiskola, Budapest
"L´Arte Costruisce l´Europa", Palazzo Economo, Trieste
"Zeichnen Konkret", Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken
1997 "Zeichnungen", Galerie Wack, Kaiserslautern
"Zeichnen Konkret", Galerie Grewenig, Heidelberg
"Mappenwerke", Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken
"Aestas X", Carré Estampes, Luxembourg
"Concrete Kunst", Cultureel Centrum, Knokke-Heist, Belgium
"Point, Line, Plane", Francis Graham-Dixon Gallery, London
"Von der Fläche in den Raum", Galerie im Hause Dacheröden, Erfurt
"Galerien in Darmstadt", Ausstellungsgebäude Mathildenhöhe, Darmstadt
"Carré Estampes - 10 ans", Carré Estampes, Luxembourg
"Wandbezogen", Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken
"Absolut Secret", Royal College of Art, London
1998 "Music: Small is Beautiful", Flowers East, London
"Absolut Secret", Royal College of Art, London
1999 "Badur, Carter, Tyson", Galerie Avivson, Paris
"L´Art Constructif à travers l´Europe Contemporaine", Château des Bouillants, Dammerie-les-Lys, Melun
"Art Constructif en Europe 1950-1998", Museu de Arte
Contemporânea do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
"Pure Abstract Art 30 x 30 / 40 x 40", Mondriaanhuis, Amersfoort
"Triennial Sculpture Exhibition", Royal West of England Academy, Bristol
"Singer & Friedlander/Sunday Times Watercolour Competition
Exhibition", Mall Galleries, London and subsequent tour
"Naju International Art Festival", Naju, Korea
"Small is Beautiful", Flowers West, Los Angeles
"Traits d´Union", Artothèque, Annecy
"30 Jahre Galerie St. Johann - 30 x 30 x 30 Malerei, Objekte, Zeichnungen", Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken
"Constructive Art in Europe at the Threshhold of the Third Millennium", Galerie Emilia Suciu, Ettlingen and "Hors Lieu", JMM, Strasbourg
2000 "10ième Exposition International du Petit Format de Papier", Centre Culturel de Viroinval, Belgium
"Sunday Times/Singer Friedlander Watercolour Exhibition", Mall Galleries, London and subsequent UK tour
"Open Drawing Exhibition: Cheltenham 2000", Cheltenham & Gloucester College of Higher Education, Cheltenham
"Bilder einer Ausstellung", Galerie Lattemann, Mühltal-Trautheim, Darmstadt
"Mondiale Echo's", Mondriaanhuis, Amersfoort
"30 Jahre Galerie St. Johann - Entgrenzte Bild", VKB Galerie, 10 Gmundner Symposion, Gmunden
"Cultural Ties", Jariwala/Westzone Gallery, London
"R.C.A. Secret", Gulbenkian Galleries, Royal College of Art, London
"In Memoriam Max H. Mahlmann", Edition & Galerie Hoffmann, Friedberg
2001 "Cheltenham Drawing Exhibition", Ecole Contonale d'Art du Valais, Sièrre
"Das Entgrenzte Bild", Städtische Kunstsammlungen, Schloss Salder, Salzgitter-Salder
"Veränderung" Neuerwerbungen der vergangenen 10 Jahre, Studio A, Museum Gegenstandsfreier Kunst, Landkreis Cuxhaven
"British Abstact Painting 2001", Flowers East Gallery, London
"Kompakt, Konkret, Konstruktiv", Schloss Dringenberg, Paderborn
"Das Entgrenzte Bild", Gesellschaft für Kunst und Gestaltung e.V. Bonn
"R.C.A. Secret", Gulbenkian Galleries, Royal College of Art, London
"Poesie der Farbe", Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken
2002 "Bilder einer Ausstellung", Galerie Lattemann, Mühltal-Trautheim, Darmstadt
"Summer Exhibition", Royal Academy of Arts, London
"11ième Exposition International du Petit Format de Papier", Centre Culturel de Viroinval, Viroinval
"Europa - Konkret - Reduktiv", Museum Modern Art, Hünfeld
"Festival de la Gravure", Maison de la Culture, Galerie Municipale, Diekirch Luxembourg
"Das Entgrenzte Bild", Wilhelm-Hack-Museum, Ludwigshafen
"Miniatures", The Eagle Gallery, London
"R.C.A. Secret", Gulbenkian Galleries, Royal College of Art, London
"Small is Beautiful XX", Flowers East, London
"25 + 25 Jahresausstellung", Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken
"Kompakt, Konkret, Konstruktiv", Galeria Sztuki Wspolczesnej Muzeum Narodowe, Szczecin
2003 "Europa - Konkret - Reduktiv", Muzeum Architektury, Wroclow
"Summer Exhibition", Royal Academy of Arts, London
"10-Zehn-X", Forum Konkrete Kunst Erfurt, Peterskirche, Erfurt
"Homage to ... the Square?" Edition & Galerie Hoffmann, Friedberg
"Konstruktive Kunst aus England", Stadtbücherei, Niebüll
"Multiple Grafik und Objekte", Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken
"Europa Konkret", Universitätssammlungen Kunst + Technik, Altana Galerie, Technische Universität, Dresden
"Black and White", Benoot Gallery, Knokke-Zoute
2004 "50 quadrat - ein aktueller überblick über die internationale konkrete kunst", galerie + edition konkret martin worn, Sulzburg/Breisgau
2005/2006 "Kleinformate von 52 europäischen Künstlern", Galerie Emilia Suciu, Ettlingen
2006 Picture This," charity exhibition for "War Child," Bargehouse, Oxo Tower, London
"To the Edge," Beardsmore Gallery, London
"Summer Exhibition," Royal Academy of Arts, London
"Leben mit Kunst," Die Sammlung Kaldewey, Museum Haus Ludwig, Saarlouis
"1985 - 2005 Jubiläums-Ausstellung Gundis und Heinz Friege," Galerie der Stadt, Remscheid
"Ausstellung Forum Konkrete Kunst Erfurt," Mainzer Rathaus, Mainz
"13ème Biennale Internationale, Petit Format de Papier," Centre Culturel Régional Action Sud, Nismes, Belgium
2007 "Wall Sculptures", Benoot Gallery, Knokke-Zoute
"Critics Choice, Wlliam Packer," Lemon Street Gallery, Truro
"Artfutures," Contemporary Art Society, Bloomberg Space, London
"Ausstellung Motiva," Austria Centre, Vienna
"Summer Exhibition," Royal Academy of Arts, London
"Exemplifizieren wird Kunst," Wilhelm Hack Museum, Ludwigshafen and Vaserely Museum, Budapest
"The Discerning Eye," Dame Stephanie Shirley's selection, Mall Galleries, London
"das kleine format - petit format - small format,"Galerie konkret Martim Wörn, Sulzburg/Breisgau
"Towards a Rational Aesthetic: Constructive Art in Post-War Britain," Osborne Samuel, London
"Frisch gestrichen - peinture fraiche,"Jahresausstellung 2007, Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken
"hand & fuss und andere geheimnisse..." Galerie & Edition Hoffmann, Friedberg
2008 "A Rational Aesthetic. The Systems Group and associated artists
" Southampton City Art Gallery, Southampton
"...Same As Ever It Was," Painting at Chelsea, Chelsea Futurespace, London
"Artfutures," Contemporary Art Society, Bloomberg Space, London
2010 Couleur et Géométrie. Actualité de l'Art Construit Européen, Musées de Sens, France
What a Relief, Flowers East, London
2011 Formes et Lumière: la Sculpture dans l'Art Construit, Musée de Cambrai
Abstactie 1950-2010, een hommage aan Joost Baljeu, Galerie Wittveen, Amsterdam
Ausbruch, Malerie und realer Raum, Kunstsammlungen der Ruhr-Universität
Awards / Auszeichnungen
1963-64 Leverhulme Travelling Scholarship to Italy
1966-67 Peter Stuyvesant Foundation Travel Bursary to USA
1977 Arts Council Award
1979 Arts Council Award
1981 Tolly Cobbold - Eastern Arts 3rd National Exhibition, Prizewinner
2007 Elected member of Royal Academy of Arts, London
Public Collections / Sammlungen
Arts Council of Great Britain
Arthur Andersen & Co.
Astra Zeneca International
BAA Art Collection
Berge y Compania, Madrid
British Council
Chemical Bank, New York
Chase Manhattan Bank
Contemporary Art Society
Conoco Ltd.
Council for National Academic Awards
John Creasey Collection, Salisbury
The Deloitte Art Collection
Donation Eva-Maria Fruhtrunk, Musée de Cambrai
Dresdner Bank
D.W.S. Bank, Frankfurt
Ernst and Young
European Patent Office, Den Haag
Kultusministerium, Rheinland-Pfalz
Leicestershire Education Authority
Mondriaanhuis, Amersfoort
Musée des Beaux Arts, Mons
Musée du Petit Format, Couvain
Museum der Künstler, Erfurt
Museum Modern Art, Hünfeld
Museum Moderner Kunst, Landkreis Cuxhaven
Museum Ritter, Waldenbuch
Oldham Art Gallery
Pfalzgalerie Museum, Kaiserslautern
Peter Stuyvesant Foundation
Prior´s Court School, Thatcham, Berkshire
Stadtbücherei - Graphothek, Remscheid
Konkrete Kunst in Europa nach 1945, die Sammlung Peter T. Ruppert, Berlin
Städtische Galerie Würzburg
Southampton City Art Gallery
Technische Universität, Darmstadt
University of Reading
Veszprém Gallery of Modern Painting, László Vass Collection, Veszprém